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Prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and Knowledge about HIV/AIDS, level of awareness and Reported Risk Behaviours in a cohort of traders in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Frank-Peterside N, Okerentugba PO, Laku CB, Okonko IO

Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, East-West Road, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

E-mail address: iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng, Tel: +2348035380891

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in a cohort of traders in three different markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Also, a structured questionnaire was used to determine their knowledge about HIV/AIDS and to ascertain the risk factors associated with HIV and to investigate the level of awareness of HIV/AIDS among these traders. Samples were collected from consented traders in Azikwe street market, Rivers State University of Science and Technology (RSUST) market and Ojoto daily market. Other information was obtained using a Performa specially designed for this purpose. Of the 52 consented traders tested, 4(7.7%) tested positive to of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. The study found age, marital status, religion and location differences (P<0.05) in HIV prevalence of the traders tested. Traders within age group 26-30 years (14.3%) had higher HIV prevalence compared to other age groups. However, the study found no sex and educational status differences (P>0.05) in the HIV seropositivity of these traders. The results also showed that of the 52 consented traders, 17 (32.7%) admitted to have been unfaithful with persons other than their spouses/partners; 19(36.6%) make use of condom regularly during sex and 16 (34.6%) were non-users.  All the traders admitted to be sexually active. Thirty-four (65.4%) considered themselves at risk of HIV and 40(76.9%) had history of STDs/STIs. The study found unfaithfulness with sex partners, non-use and irregular use of condoms, and sexually activeness to be statistically associated (P<0.05) with HIV prevalence in a cohort of these traders. The study also found no significant differences between those who perceived to be at risk or not (P>0.05) as well as traders with history of STDs/STIs or not (P>0.05) and HIV seropositvity in this study. All the consented traders acknowledged having the knowledge of HIV and 26(50.0%) of them claimed to have gotten their information on HIV from the media (Television/Radio) while others claimed to have gotten their information mainly from news and print media (11.5%), churches (19.2%), social gathering (13.5%) and other undisclosed sources (5.8%). Our study showed that 46.2% of the traders were ignorant of the fact that HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through unprotected sex; 61.5% were ignorant of the use of unsterilized sharp objects and 92.3% claimed ignorant that transfusion of unscreened blood promotes the spread of HIV. The study found level of ignorance of these traders on the mode of transmission of HIV significantly associated (P<0.05) with HIV seropositivity in this study. This study however, further confirmed the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies among in a cohort of traders in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. This calls for urgent and concerted efforts aimed at promoting behavioural, cultural and social changes that will reverse the current trend in the prevalence of HIV among the traders.

[Frank-Peterside N, Okerentugba PO, Laku CB, Okonko IO. Prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and Knowledge about HIV/AIDS, level of awareness and Reported Risk Behaviours in a cohort of traders in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):1-11] (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 1

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.01

Keywords: Antibody, Cohort, Traders, Markets, HIV, Seropositivity, Risk factors

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Prevalence of Bacterial Uropathogens in a cohort of HIV-Positive Males in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Frank-Peterside N, Okerentugba PO, Nwodo CR, Okonko IO

Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, East-West Road, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;

E-mail address: iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng, Tel: +2348035380891

ABSTRACT: A total of one hundred samples from male subjects were analyzed, of which 46 were HIV-positive males attending the anti–retroviral clinic (ARV) of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Port Harcourt, Nigeria. They were all within the age range of 35 -69 years. The urine samples were analysed bacterologically using standard methods. Of the 96 samples analysed, 38 (39.6%) had urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs and HIV were both present in 23.9% of 46 HIV-seropositive subjects. The specific prevalence was 54.0% among HIV seronegative subjects (controls). The study found significant differences (54.0 vs. 23.9, P<0.05) in bacterial uropathogens prevalence of HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative males. The study also found significant age differences (31.6 vs. 18.5, P<0.05) in bacterial uropathogens prevalence. Age group 35-45 years had higher prevalence 6(31.6%) than age group 46-69 years 5(18.5%). UTI symptoms were discret. UTI infection was primarily evidenced by a bacteriuria > 10⁵ colony-forming units/ml of mid-stream urine. Generally, the main pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus had 13(34.2%), Escherichia coli 10(26.3%), Klebsiella species 7(18.4%) and Proteus mirabilis 4(10.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4(10.5%). Staphylococcus aureus 7(63.6%) was the most predominant among the HIV seropositive males, followed by Escherichia coli 2(18.2%) while Proteus mirabilis 0(0.0%) was absent. Among the HIV seronegative males, Escherichia coli 8(29.6%) was the most predominant, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 6(22.2%) and Proteus mirabilis was present. All isolated bacterial uropathogens were susceptible to Ceftaxidime (a Cephalosporin), Chloramphenicol, Cloxacillin, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid. It also showed that Ampicillin, Penicillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole, Augmentin, Amoxicillin and Streptomycin were less effective or resistant. In conclusion, this study showed a higher prevalence of bacterial uropathogens among the HIV negative patients as compared to other findings on HIV/AIDS patients. The antibiogram showed that Ceftaxidime, Cloxacillin, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Nalidixic acid and Ciprofloxacin remains the effective drug of choice. Cephalosporin of 3rd generation, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolone can be used like treatment of first line in urinary tract infection suspicion case in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Judicious use of these drugs is essential to preserve their efficacies. The findings of this study is hoped will be very useful when considering the management of HIV/AIDS patients from bacterial opportunistic urinary tract infections in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

[Frank-Peterside N, Okerentugba PO, Nwodo CR, Okonko IO. Prevalence of Bacterial Uropathogens in a cohort of HIV-Positive Males in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):12-17]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 2

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.02

Keywords: Antibiograms, ARV, Coinfections, Bacterial uropathogens, bacteriuria, HIV

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ABSTRACT: This research article focus that “CNO” shall be Considered as “Three-in-one” fundamental chemical Particle and “Base” of “Chemical Universe”.  Millions of other chemical elements evolved subsequently shall be Considered as Species to CNO fundamental. “Hydrogen Radiation” shall be considered as the supernature  CNO human and CNO shall be considered as the three-in-one fundamental organs of CNO Human. Hydrogen shall be considered as centromere of chemical Universe. 1) CARBON (C)     – “MIND”. 2) NITROGEN(N) – “LEFT HAND”. 3) OZONE(O) “RIGHT HAND”. It is further focused that “CNO Human” shall be considered as “Spontaneously” evolved from fundamental “NEUTRINOS” and therefore the CNO human shall be called as “Supernatural”. It is focused that the so called Dark Matter, Dark energy, Amino acids, Nucleotide base etc.  shall be considered as “Macro molecule” evolved from “CNO Particle” due to impact of  “Hydrogen radiation”. This research article is speculated to solve current mysteries theories about “Dark matter”, “Dark energy” of Universe.  “Hydrogen shall be considered as species Radiation” to Neutrino Radiation rather than considered as Atom”.

[M. Arulmani, B.E., V. R. Hema Latha, M. A. The Supernatural “CNO” HUMAN? (A new theory on CNO Trinity of Nature). Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):18-31]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 3

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.03

Key Words

i)                    Philosophy of Dark matter, Dark energy, Dark law.

ii)                  Philosophy of three Generation CNO Cycle

iii)                Philosophy of “CNO” origin.

iv)                Philosophy of CNO based DNA, HORMONE, RNA.

v)                  Philosophy of Expanding Universe

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Abstract: This research article focus that “3G Mobile Phone” shall be considered as a Technological advancement tool and Nature’s gift for enhancement of Human life style rather than considered as a Health Hazard barrier and Induces cancer. This article emphasize that cancer shall be considered as the 3^rd generation disease due to impact of IR Radiation and evolution of “O” type Blood origin in Human, in the expanding universe rather than use of mobile phone. In other words IR radiation environment and O type blood origin shall be considered as having highly degraded immunity against cancer. Elephants do not use Mobile phone!..., Apes do not consume tobacco!!... Birds do not drink Alcohol!!!..., But the cancer disease attacks Elephants, Apes, Birds also!... Current theory couldn’t have any definite conclusion on the reason for fast cancer growth?...

“3G mobile phone working in Non ionized state, RF radiation Bandwidth can’t induce cancer disease. In fact IR radiation and O type blood origin shall be considered as the root cause for human immunity loss and carcinogenic effect”

– Author.

[M. Arulmani, B.E., V. R. Hema Latha, M. A. 3G Mobile phone Induces Cancer? (A New theory on impact of IR Radiation and O type blood). Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):32-38]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 4

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.04

Key Words:

1)       Philosophy of Human Blood origin and three blood species era.

2)      Philosophy of Expanding Universe and three geological period.

3)      Philosophy of Neutrino fluid.

4)      New definition for cell and cell structure.

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Abstract: The “J” shall be considered as the super-natural human and whose “heart” is consistently emanating “super-natural radiation”. The super-natural radiation considered comprising of the 3 fundamental particles of universe.  These three particles shall also be considered as 3 sons of “J” who make the “Law of Nature”.

[M. Arulmani, B.E., V. R. Hema Latha, M. A. “J” Shall Mean “JOULE”?.(A new theory on Trinity Law of Nature). Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):39-43]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 5

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.05

Key Words:

(a)          The philosophy of “Trinity Nature”

(b)         The philosophy of “Joule”

(c)          The Etymology of Joule

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Abstract: A scientific research in this article focus that “J”-House shall be considered as a superstructure house constructed with ever most advanced High Technology by Super scientist “J”.  The “J”-House shall be considered as Tower like structure consists of three rooms in Tier formation for providing and balancing three most fundamental needs of Human Life.This research focused in this article is speculated to provide solution to the many current controversial theories about Origin and shape of Cosmo Universe. “J-House shall be considered as a Heaven filled with full of spirit of confidence, Joy and Peace. The Philosophy of Parliament House might be derived from the Philosophy of J-House.”- Author

[M. Arulmani, B.E., V. R. Hema Latha, M. A. The Supersonic JET FLIGHT-2014? (A New Theory on Flying Human). Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):44-51]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 6

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.06

Key Words:

(a)          Philosophy of            upper room (Heaven)

(b)         Philosophy of            middle room (Creation)

(c)          Philosophy of            lower room (Matter Existence)

(d)         Philosophy of            J-Food (Nutrient Food)

(e)          Philosophy of            J-Radiation (Creative Force)

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Abstract: A scientific research in this article focus that the Jet Flight-2014 shall be considered as the 3^rd generation flight designed to travel at the speed of Sound. The Jet Flight-2014 shall be considered as Proto type of  prehistoric “J-Flight”. The dark box of J-Flight shall be considered as emitting J-Radiation consists of J-Logics. This research focus that, in the expanding Universe, the  design of flight model shall be considered undergone three evolution due to variation in three type of cosmic rays variation, i.e. UV-Light, RF-Light, IR-Light. This research further emphasize that the word “Flight” shall be considered meaning as Super-natural Flying Human.  The super-natural human ancestor shall be considered as having “TAIL” like flame and constantly oscillating the tail as a Pendulum for maintaining Absolute Balance during the flight journey. This article is speculated to provide solution to the current confused theories on “Human Ancestor”.“The philosophy of word FLIGHT shall be considered as derived from prehistoric FLYING HUMAN rather than from the Philosophy of “Flying Bird”.- Author

[M. Arulmani, B.E., V. R. Hema Latha, M. A. The Supersonic JET FLIGHT-2014? (A New Theory on Flying Human). Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):52-59]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 7

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.07

Key Words: Philosophy of J-Wave; Philosophy of J-Box; Philosophy of J-Wings; Philosophy of “F-Light”; Philosophy of 3G-CNO Cycle Variation; Philosophy of J-Engine; Philosophy of J-Fuel

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“J”-Radiation Is Mother Of Hydrogen?...

(A New theory on Supernature, Nature, Science)

Abstract: This Scientific research article focus that the early void Universe shall be considered from Hydrogen and CNO. The J-Radiation shall be considered as the Mother of Hydrogen.  The 1^st generation CNO element shall be considered as three fundamental species to Hydrogen and considered as highly pure matter of the Universe. The above article focus that the various life organisms could have been originated in the Universe after formation of fundamental Pure CNO environment (Mixture of Carbon, Nitrogen, Ozone) derived from Hydrogen. The existence of life under fundamental CNO environment shall be considered as “oxygen free” 1^st generation life”. CNO shall mean Carbon, Nitrogen, Ozone; Oxygen shall be considered as 3^rd Generation element and species to ozone. Ozone is like “ICE”; oxygen is like “WATER”. It is speculated that the 1^st Generation life might have subsisted with OZONE BREATH. In the expanding Universe the subsequent evolution of oxygen during modern time (3^rd Generation) might have added more impurities to fundamental CNO environment in three different geological periods and the Universe polluted. Present day climate changes issues, global warming issues might be due to severe CNO imbalance due to growth of higher oxygen and lower carbon level. Further the increase in cancer growth rate is considered due to higher content of oxygen in the atmosphere.

[M. Arulmani, B.E., V. R. Hema Latha, M. A. “J”-Radiation Is Mother Of Hydrogen? (A New theory on Supernature, Nature, Science). Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):60-68]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 8

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.08

“The Prehistoric life might have switched over to oxygen breath gradually from ozone breath due to Natural Selection in 2^nd, 3^rd generation.   The oxygen free environment shall be considered as Highly Pure environment”. -  Author.

Key Words:  1) Philosophy of J-Radiation; 2) Philosophy of Pure Science; 3) Philosophy of Pure Colours; 4) Philosophy of Pure Energy; 5) Philosophy of Pure Human

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Isolation of the most common species of Myxomycetes in Iran

Mahmoodi Elaheh*

Department of Pathobiology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.

*Corresponding Author, Karaj, Iran,

Tel: ++98-26-34336007, Fax: ++98-26-34319188, E.mail: e_ m592000@yahoo.com

Abstract/Summary: For collection and identification of Myxomycetes, numerous travels were during different seasons in geographical areas of the country. In any case, for all the samples on decaying wood and plant parts water surface and lateral margins, the magnifying glass samples by hand and then in the laboratory studies were microscopic and macroscopic. In order to study photography and drawing pictures, microscope, Olympus BH2, stereomicroscope Zeiss SV8, Nikon Coolpix 3000 digital camera was used. From different geographic regions of Iran, the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, including the final standard of Gilan, Mazandaran and golestan. The forest cover was dense and moist; we were able to isolate strains Myxomycetes. Of the 50 samples collected from samples of different substrates, nine species Myxomycetes: Arcyriadenudata-Arcyrianutans-Fuligoseptica-Lycogalaepidendrum Physarumnutans-Stemonitisaxifera-Stemonitisfusca-Stemonitissplendens-Trichiadecipiens were identified. However these finding are significant because this is one of the few surveys of Myxomycetes from Iran.

[Mahmoodi Elaheh. Isolation of the most common species of Myxomycetes in Iran. Cancer Biology 2013;3(4):69-74]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 9

doi:10.7537/marscbj030413.09

Key words: Myxomycetes, geographical areas, Iran.

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