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Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with weekly cisplatin in muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Abeer F. Amin

Department of Oncology, Assiut University Hospital, Egypt.

Abstract: Background and aim: Bladder cancer is the 7^th most common cancer in men and the 17^th most common in women worldwide; the aim of our study was evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with weekly cisplatin in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients (MIBC). Patients and Methods: Twenty five patients with MIBC were treated by CCRT with weekly cisplatin at Assiut University Hospital Between (2012 and 2014). The dose of cisplatin was set at 40 mg/m². Results: The patients range in age from (40-73) years, median age was 57 years and 48% of them ≥ 60 years. Male is significantly affected more than female (23 males and 2 females). Transitional cell carcinoma TCC was the most predominant histological type in 92% of patients; 56% of patients were grade II and 72% of patients were stage III. Response to treatment was assed in 23 patients with complete response rate in 65% of patients while partial response and disease progression in 26% and 9% of patients respectively and the 2-year disease free survival was 68%. Acute treatment toxicity mainly Grade 3 hematological and, genitourinary side effects in 13% and 8% of patients respectively. Conclusions: chemoradiation with weekly cisplatin seams to be a good treatment option especially in elderly patients with acceptable response rate and limited GU and hematological toxicity.

[Abeer F Amin. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with weekly cisplatin in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):1-5]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 1. doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.01.

Key words: chemoradiotherapy, weekly cisplatin, muscle-invasive bladder cancer

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The Role Of Immunohistochemistry In The Evaluation Of Undifferentiated Gastric Cancer

Mayada I. Yalda¹, Alaa H. Raziq², Bashar Hassawi³

¹MBChB, MSc, PhD Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Duhok

²MBChB, MSc, FICMS Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Duhok

³MBChB, MIBMS Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Duhok.

Abstract: Background: With the entire advance in medical practices, gastric cancer remains one of the deadly diseases with poor prognosis. Appropriate diagnosis of the histological gastric cancer type may improve the treatment and the prognosis. The objective of this study is to apply immunohistochemical (IHC) markers for the diagnosis of undifferentiated gastric malignancies particularly when the histopathological data are insufficient to ascertain the tumor histogenesis exactly; Materials and Methods: Among 126 patients diagnosed in five years interval as cases with malignant gastric tumors, 55 cases were assigned as undifferentiated tumors and were subjected to immunohistochemical evaluation by application of many immunohistochemical markers and special stains for further categorization; Results: After the application of different IHC markers and special stains, the 55 cases which were assigned as undifferentiated revealed to be carcinoma (37 cases), lymphoma (9 cases), GIST (7 cases) and leiomyosarcoma and neuroendocrine tumor one case each; Discussions: IHC findings had changed the primary diagnoses based on morphological data in 4 instances, two were thought to be signet ring carcinoma and proved to be lymphomas and additional two were thought to be undifferentiated carcinoma and proved to be GIST. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool that can be applied to ascertain the histogenesis of malignant gastric tumors particularly those with undifferentiated morphology.

[Mayada I. Yalda, Alaa H. Raziq, Bashar Hassawi. The Role Of Immunohistochemistry In The Evaluation Of Undifferentiated Gastric Cancer. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):6-9]. (ISSN: 2150-1041). http://www.cancerbio.net. 2. doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.02.

Key words: Immunohistochemistry, Undifferentiated, Gastric, Cancer.

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Multimodality Treatment for Pediatric Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Review of 24 patients in Upper Egypt.

Amany M. Ali, MD¹, Ola Nabih, MD², and Mohamed I. El-Sayed, MD³ ♦

Pediatric Oncology ¹ and Radiotherapy ³ departments, South Egypt Cancer Institute (SECI), and Clinical Oncology ² department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

olanabih1980@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), is rare but mostly presented in advanced stage. Our retrospective study aimed at evaluation of treatment outcome and toxicities. Patients and methods: The records of 24 eligible patients with NPC were reviewed during the period from January 2005and January 2015. Patients received 3 courses of chemotherapy regimen that consisted of cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, with or without methotrexate followed (in non metastatic patients) by radiation therapy or chemo-radiotherapy. OS rates were estimated using the GraphPad prism program. The log- rank test was used to examine differences in OS rates. Results: The majority of patients presented with advanced stages (III&IV) (17, 71%), and showed response to treatment (CR&PR) (15, 63%). With a median follow up of 34 months (range: 3-120), the 3-year rate for OS was 58%. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that disease stage significantly affected survival. Conclusion:. The used treatment protocol resulted in favorable outcome, but was associated with late effects. High precision radiotherapy (IMRT or 3DCRT) are needed to improve the cure of advanced or recurrent disease and to reduce long-term morbidities.

[Amany M. Ali, Ola N. Abdel-Fattah, and Mohamed I. El-Sayed. Multimodality Treatment for Pediatric Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Review of 24 patients in Upper Egypt. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):10-14]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 3.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.03

Key words: Childhood nasopharyngeal cancer; Chemotherapy; Radiotherapy; Survival

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Imatinib Mesylate Effectiveness in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients in Upper Egypt

Mervat M. Omar

Department of Oncology, Assuit University Hospital, Assuit, Egypt

drmervatomar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background and objectives: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a relatively indolent hematologic malignancy that carries poor prognosis if left untreated; imatinib (IM) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have radically improved the outcome of patients with CML. The aim of the study was to evaluate the response of imatinibmesylate in CML and to observe the significance of Sokal score and various factors which predict the response. Patients and methods: A prospective study carried out in the department of clinical oncology of Assuit University Hospital; Twenty-three CML patients positive for bcr-abl were treated with Imatinib Mesylate from (May 2010 to May 2012), at the end of study Hematologic and cytogenetic response was analyzed according to various factors which predict the response and Sokalscore, the median follow-up of the patients was two years. Results: mean age was 49year range in age from (22-76) year. Among them 14 males and 9 females, treatment response were assessed in 19 patients, complete hematologic response CHR in (52%) of patients with a significant higher proportion of patients with chronic phase diseases CHR (P<0.01*). complete and partial cytogenetic response in (32% and 26% of patients respectively) and a significantly higher proportion of patients with chronic phase diseases and intermediate Sokel score achieved CyR (P<0.04*). Conclusion: Imatinibmesylate has substantial activity in CML, and a Lower Sokal score at time of presentation predict the higher cytogenetic response in patients with chronic phase CML.

[Mervat M. Omar. Imatinib Mesylate Effectiveness in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Upper Egypt. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):15-19]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 4.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.04

Keywords: chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic phase,imatinib,tyrosine kinase, sokal

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Intravesical Gemcitabine in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) refractory non muscle invasive bladder cancer

Ahmed Z Alattar¹ Nashwa Nawwar¹, Ahmad M. Alhosainy¹ Khalid Abdelwahab², Mohmed naguib² and Salem Khalil²

¹Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt

² Urology Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt

ahmedenbedo@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravesical gemcitabine (GEM) in cases of non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) refractory to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Patients and methods: This study included 45 patients with histologically proven NMIBC refractory to BCG therapy, who refused or were not-eligible for radical cystectomy of them 36 were evaluable. Patients' selection based upon European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines 2011 definition of BCG refractory disease. Performance score (PS) <2, and adequate hematological profile. All patients were planned to receive consecutive 12 intravesical instillations of gemcitabine [2 g/100 mL twice weekly]. Cystoscopy and cytology were performed initially at 3 months with biopsy as clinically indicated, then repeated every 3 months till 24 months. The primary end point was the findings of cystoscopic examination at the 3-month evaluation. Secondary end points included +ve cytology-free survival, +ve cystoscopy- free survival and overall survival at the end of the study follow up period. Results: Intravesical GEM was well tolerated with no cases of treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects. Complete response (Negative cystoscopy and negative cytology) was achieved in 15 (41.7%) patients, of these five patients maintained this state until the end of the follow-up period. Failed intravesical GEM presented as positive cytology (7 patients), NMIBC (11 patients) and muscle invasive disease (3 patients). Over the follow-up period, the median +ve cytology-free survival time was 15 months, while median +ve cystoscopy-free survival time was 21 months and overall survival was 13.5 months. At the end of the study, After one year, 15 patients (41%) were free at cystoscopy. Of them 14 patients (93.3%) were free for cytology, the relapse free survival rate at one year was 39%, but was 14% only at 2 years, the progression free survival time was 21 months and its rate was 33%, and overall survival rate was 86.7%. Conclusion: IV GEM is well tolerated and sets hope for patients with NMIBC refractory to BCG who are willing to keep their bladders or were unfit for radical surgery. Nearly half of the patients survived for two years with their bladder free of tumors.

[Ahmed Z Alattar, Nashwa Nawwar, Ahmad M. Alhosainy Khalid Abdelwahab, Salem Khalil. Intravesical Gemcitabine in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) refractory non muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):20-25]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 5.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.05

Key words: superficial bladder cancer, intravasical gemcitabine

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Weekly Docetaxel and Cisplatin with Concomitant Radiotherapy in Addition to Consolidation Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Hanan G. Mostafa and Mohamed-Alaaeldeen H. Mohamed

Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut Universityو Assiut, Egypt.

mostafahanan36@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) is the standard of care for the treatment of patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To improve outcomes, additional chemotherapy following CCRT was developed. The study aim was to evaluate outcomes and prognostic factors of CCRT with cisplatin and docetaxel followed by consolidation by the same regimen in patients with stage III NSCLC in a prospective phase II study. Methods: Patients with stage III NSCLC were included. They received 60 Gy thoracic radiotherapy and weekly 20 mg/m² docetaxel & 20 mg/m²cisplatin concomitantly. Consolidation chemotherapy using docetaxel 75 mg/m² & cisplatin 60 mg/m² every 3 weeks for 3 cycles followed local therapy in all patients. Results: From February 2012 to March 2014, eligible 46 patients were included. Four (9%) patients achieved complete response (CR), 23 (50%) showed partial response (PR), stable (SD) and progressive disease (PD) was shown in 17.4% and 19.2% respectively. The median follow-up was 14 months (range: 5-48months) the median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival were 15 and 7 months respectively. Esophagitis in 4 (8.7%), neutropenia in 3 (6.5%) and pneumonitis in 4 (8.7%) patients were detected as grade III-IV toxicity due to CCRT. Tumor stage (IIIA vs. IIIB, p=0.003) and clinical tumor response (CR+ PR vs. SD+ PD, p=0.001) were significant prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: This study shows that consolidation chemotherapy failed to demonstrate improvement in survival. Clinical tumor response was significantly affecting survival.

[Hanan G. Mostafa and Mohamed-Alaaeldeen H. Mohamed. Weekly Docetaxel and Cisplatin with Concomitant Radiotherapy in Addition to Consolidation Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):26-34]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 6.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.06

Key words: Cisplatin, concomitant chemo-radiotherapy, consolidation chemotherapy, docetaxel, non-small cell lung cancer

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Metastatic or Recurrent Endometrial Tumours: the Role of Systemic Anticancer Treatment

Loaie M El-Helw^{1, 2}, Hanaa Elkhenini^3,4 and Mojca Persic ²

¹Medical Oncology Unit, Mansoura University, Egypt

² the Royal Derby Hospital, UK

³ Public Health Department, Mansoura University, Egypt

⁴ North West E-Health Department, the University of Manchester, UK

loaieelhelw@hotmail.com, loaieelhelw@gmail.com

Abstract: In patients with recurrent or metastatic endometrial tumours, cure is unlikely unless the recurrence is limited to an isolated resectable lesion. We aimed to review the incidence and management of metastatic or recurrent endometrial cancer in our centre from August 2010 till August 2013. Patients' notes and electronic records were reviewed. A total of 237 patients with endometrial tumours were managed in our centre in that period. Eight patients (3.4%) had metastasis at initial presentation and 229 patients (96.6%) had stages I-III disease. On further follow up, 13 of the 229 patients (5.7%) developed recurrence mostly with distant metastases (76.9%). The median time to recurrence was 9.5 months. Carboplatin and paclitaxel (CP) was the most commonly used palliative regimen (58.8%) in those patients. Complete response to CP regimen was obtained in 33.3%, partial response in 22.3% and stable disease in 33.3%. Patients with isolated vaginal recurrence were treated with brachytherapy. The median progression free and overall survival durations were 9 months and 17 months respectively. In conclusion, distant metastasis was the most common pattern of recurrence. We believe that adjuvant chemotherapy should be evaluated –further- in high risk endometrial cancer patients through randomized clinical studies.

[Loaie M El-Helw, Hanaa Elkhenini and Mojca Persic. Metastatic or Recurrent Endometrial Tumours: the Role of Systemic Anticancer Treatment. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):35-40]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 7.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.07

Key Words: endometrial cancer – recurrence – metastases

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Gemcitabine versus cisplatin in concurrent radio chemotherapy for bladder preservation

Mahmoud Hussin¹, Hamza Abbas², Shimaa Ahmed² and Mohamed Abou Elmagd Salem¹

¹Department of Surgical Oncology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

²Department of Radiation Oncology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

elshoieby@live.co.uk

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the efficacy and toxicities of gemcitabine to cisplatin as a radio sensitizer in trimodality treatment of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Methods: It was a prospective study on100 patients with bladder TCC, clinical stage T2 or T3 N0 M0 who underwent concurrent radio chemotherapy after maximum safe trans-urethral resection. Patients were divided into 2 groups: gemcitabine group, received weekly doses of gemcitabine 125mg/m², and cisplatin group, received weekly doses of cisplatin 40mg/m² concurrently with 66 Gy of conventional radiation therapy. Results: Disease free survival in gemcitabine group was 79.4%, while in cisplatin group was 77.6% with insignificant differences. All patients in cisplatin group tolerated treatment protocol completely, while six patients in gemcitabine group could not completed their weekly gemcitabine doses because of grade III gastrointestinal toxicity. Conclusions: Gemcitabine is a reasonable option in trimodality treatments in urinary bladder preservative strategies.

[Mahmoud Hussin, Hamza Abbas, Shimaa Ahmed and Mohamed Abou Elmagd Salem. Gemcitabine versus cisplatin in concurrent radio chemotherapy for bladder preservation. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):41-45]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 8.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.08

Keywords: gemcitabine, cisplatin, radiotherapy, bladder, TCC

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Outcome of Radiotherapy Using Prone Versus Supine Treatment Position in Breast Cancer Patients With Conservative Surgery

Elwan A, Sarhan A, Nawar N and Farouk Sh.

Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University

Essawy1951@gmail.com, toamira_elwan@yahoo.com

Abstract: Purpose: To assess the treatment outcome of breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy in the supine position versus prone position. Patients and method: Eighteen patients with large pendulous breasts were conducted to the study. Each patient underwent two plans in supine and prone positions, evaluation of both plans were done regarding the best target coverage and the less complications to the organs at risk as well as cosmoses issue. Each patient received the best plan for her using conventional fractionation 50 Gy∕ 25 fractions∕ 5 weeks followed by electron boost 10 Gy∕ 5 fractions∕ 1 week. Patients are still under clinical follow up and investigational care. Analysis of data was done by fisher test. Results: Both plans showed satisfactory target coverage with 95% of the prescribed dose. Prone position was significantly better than supine position regards, the mean doses of ipsilateral lung doses were 166.3 cGy ± 206 in prone position versus 611.6 cGy ±519 in supine position (p=0.001), and non significantly better than supine regards the mean doses to heart and liver, regards cosmetic aspect, results were satisfactory in both treatment groups with only patient (10%)in prone position treatment showed grade 0. Unfortunately prone position showed a significant doses to the contra lateral breast with mean doses of 481 cGy ± 223 (P =0.000) in comparison to supine position plan. Prone plan had proven non significant superiority than supine regards acute skin toxicity in the form of erythema, pigmentation, moist desquamations and breast edema. Conclusion: The prone position allowed adequate target coverage as well as a significant decrease of ipsilateral lung dose and contra lateral lung dose in all patients and a favorable trend for heart dose in patients with left sided cancer and liver dose in patients with right sided cancer rather than supine position. Prone approach, however, does not prevent the exposure of normal tissue as contra lateral breast outside the field to low doses generated by scattered radiation, but with satisfactory acute skin toxicity profile and cosmetic outcome.

[Elwan A, Sarhan A, Nawar N and Farouk Sh. Outcome of Radiotherapy Using Prone Versus Supine Treatment Position in Breast Cancer Patients With Conservative Surgery. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):46-53]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 9.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.09

Keywords: Breast cancer, prone, supine, toxicity, plan

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Prognostic impact of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor expression in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Walid Al-Morsy¹, Emad Sadaka¹ and Ayman Elsaka²

Clinical Oncology Department¹, Pathology Department², Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt.

walidaa1@hotmail.com, walidaa1@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: EGFR overexpression was thought to be associated with more advanced disease and worse prognosis. The prognostic value of EGFR in colorectal cancer has been investigated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic impact of EGFR expression in colorectal cancer. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Clinical Oncology Department, Tanta University Hospital, between January 2008 and December 2013 on eighty seven patients with histopathologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma. EGFR expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results: the EGFR was significantly correlated with N stage (p=0.012), performance status (p=0.039), lymphovascular invasion (<0.001), metastatic disease (0.006) and intestinal obstruction presentation (0.026), the 3-year overall survival (OS) rate in this analysis was 52.4%. In univariate analysis, there were significant 3-year OS rate with EGFR status (p=0.005), T stage (p=0.043), N stage (p<0.001), grade of differentiation (p=0.004), performance status (p=0.028), intestinal obstruction (p<0.001), metastatic disease (p<0.001), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.003) and initial serum CEA level (p=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed significant 3-year OS rate with N stage (p=0.009), initial CEA concentration (p=0.015) and metastatic disease (p=0.025). However, EGFR status was not found to be an independent prognostic factor (p=0.715). Conclusion: EGFR overexpression in CRC patients was significantly correlated with TNM (tumor–node–metastasis), performance status, lymphovascular invasion, and intestinal obstruction presentation. However, EGFR was not an independent prognostic factor.

[Walid Al-Morsy^; Emad Sadaka and Ayman Elsaka. Prognostic impact of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor expression in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):54-59]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 10.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.10

Key words: Colorectal cancer, EGFR, prognosis

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The biochemical and histopathological effects of four plants (Acanthus montanus, Euphorbia hirta, Vernonia amgydalina and Ocimum gratissimum) leaf extracts on the liver and kidney of Wistar rats

Ogbuleka, N.A.C., Mbakwem-Aniebo, C. and Frank-Peterside N.

Department of Microbiology, University of Port-Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

E-Mail: chiakaniebo@yahoo.com, Tel: +2348033066296, +2348036753329

Abstract: Toxicity, biochemical and histopathological evaluation of the leaf extracts on wistar rats was carried out using four plant leaf extracts. The leaf extracts were from Acanthus montanus, Euphorbia hirta, Vernonia amgydalina and Ocimum gratissimum plants. Twenty –seven (27) wistar rats weighing between 180-250kg were used. The animals were divided into two groups of three rats per extract, group1 received 250mg/kg and group 2 received 500mg/kg, the control group received sterile water (0.5ml/kg) only for 14 days. The alanineaminotransferase (ALT), aspartateaminotransferase (AST) and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in all the extracts and groups were not statistically significant when compared with the control after the administration of the extracts except for Urea that were significant at P˂0.05 in Extract A [group 2 (3.9±0), Extract B group 2 (5.2±0] and Creatinine were also significant at P˂0.05 in Extract B [group 1 and 2 (22±8.4 and 178±0)]. The histological and biochemical results revealed that there are no histological differences in the experimental groups when compared with the control group. From the results, it can be deduced that the leaf extracts caused no noticeable effect on the kidney and liver of the rats evaluated compared to the control. Consequently, these plant leaf extracts possessed high index of safety and the continual use are advocated among the rural and urban population. In summary, extracts of the four plants leaf used in this study has a high margin of safety.

[Ogbuleka, N.A.C., Mbakwem-Aniebo, C. and Frank-Peterside N. The biochemical and histopathological effects of four plants (Acanthus montanus, Euphorbia hirta, Vernonia amgydalina and Ocimum gratissimum) leaf extracts on the kidney and liver of Wistar rats. Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):60-67]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 11.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.11

Keywords: Acanthus montanus, Euphorbia hirta, Vernonia amgydalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Kidney, Liver, Wistar rats

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[Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):68-79]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 12.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.12

Withdrawn

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Cancer Gene List – I (a-b)

Ma Hongbao *, Margaret Young **, Zhu Yucui ***, Yang Yan *, Zhu Huaijie ****

* Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA, ma8080@gmail.com; ** Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; *** Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West, 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA; **** The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 2 Jingba Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, yz81@columbia.edu

Abstract: There are thousands of genes that are related to the cancer development. This article gives the genes that are supposed as cancer genes. This is cancer gene list part 1 (a-b).

[Ma H, Young M, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Zhu H. Cancer Gene List – I (a-b). Cancer Biology 2016;6(1):80-101]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 13.

doi:10.7537/marscbj060116.13

Key words: cancer; gene; DNA; life; medicine

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