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Prognostic Significance of Progenitor Cell Markers CD34/CD38 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Egyptian Patients

Naglaa Mostafa¹, Reham A. Rashed¹, Waleed S. Mohamed², Hanan E. Shafik³

Departments of ¹Clinical Pathology, ²Cancer Biology, ³Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt

E-mail: reham_r9@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: The relapse of AML is thought to reflect the failure of current therapies to target leukemia stem cells, typically enriched in the CD34/CD38 cell population. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of progenitor cell markers CD34/CD38 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Methods: Progenitor cell markers CD34/CD38 expression was determined on bone marrow mononuclear cells of 84 newly diagnosed adult AML patients with 18 age and sex matched controls, using CD38FITC/CD34PE panel of monoclonal antibodies and analyzed by Flowcytometry technique. Results: Expression of CD34 and CD38 cell markers was detected in 79.8% and 85.7% of AML patients respectively, and there was a highly significant difference of CD 34 expression among cases and controls (p≤0.001). No significant correlation was found between both markers and any of the hematological findings, cytogenetic and FLT3 mutation except with peripheral blood blasts (p=0.05 and 0.005, respectively) and FAB subtypes for CD34 (p=0.006). A significant correlation was found between various CD34/CD38 groups and total leucocytic count, hemoglobin, peripheral blood blasts, and FAB subtypes (p=0.05, 0.047, 0.035 and 0.002 respectively). Also, there was no significant association between both markers expressed separately or in combination with response rate, overall survival and progression free survival. Conclusion: Both progenitor cell markers CD34/CD38 expression might be used as susceptible markers providing important clues for future studies in the early detection of resistant AML cases.

[Naglaa Mostafa, Reham A. Rashed, Waleed S. Mohamed, Hanan E. Shafik. Prognostic Significance of Progenitor Cell Markers CD34/CD38 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Egyptian Patients. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):1-10]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 1. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.01.

Key words: Prognostic significance- CD34- CD38- AML

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Study of biochemical medicine dose-response effect on treatment of breast cancer

Mozhdeh Haddadi¹, Dr. Soroush Sardari²

¹Department of Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

²Drug Discovery and Bioinformatics Group, Biotechnology Research Center of Institute Pasteur of Iran, Tehran, Iran

mozhdeh_haddadi_777@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study the role of the dose level of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in chemotherapy for breast cancer and in chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer were investigated and the effects of TNF-α on estrogen metabolism was evaluated. There was a clear dose-response effect, indicating that CMF was useful only when given in a full or nearly full dose. Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. If cancer has a high risk of returning or spreading to another part of body, it was recommended chemotherapy to decrease the chance that the cancer will recur. This was associated with a concomitant effect on the expression of detoxification enzymes COMT and NQO1 where TNF-α reduced the expression levels of these two enzymes. This may implicate a new possible explanation for inflammation associated breast cancer. Our findings indicate that it is necessary to administer combination chemotherapy at a full dose to achieve clinical benefit.

[Mozhdeh Haddadi, Soroush Sardari. Study of biochemical medicine dose-response effect on treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):11-16]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 2. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.02.

Keywords: breast cancer, medicine dose, biochemistry

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Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in HER-2 Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients

Safa Balata, M.Sc.¹, Abbas Sarhan, M.D.¹, Maher Aidaros, M.D.¹, Alaa Fayed, M.D.¹

¹Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

coyhut@gmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: Brain metastasis in patients with breast cancer is associated with decreased overall survival (OS) and impaired quality of life (QoL). In this prospective study, we assessed the effect of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in HER-2 positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients aiming at decreased incidence of CNS metastasis with tolerated toxicities. Patients and Methods: Forty patients with metastatic HER-2 positive breast cancer were randomly assigned to PCI or no PCI between December 2013 and November 2014. The whole brain received 2.4 Gy per fraction, to a total dose of 24 Gy. MRI brain was a part of the neurological assessment of all patients. Neuro-cognitive function (NCF) was evaluated using Mini-Mental state examination (MMSE). Results: Two patients in the PCI group (10%) developed brain metastases in comparison to five patients in no PCI group (25%) with insignificant difference between both groups, P=0.4. Changes in MMSE scores were documented in 10% in Group A versus 25% in Group B.  Conclusion: PCI resulted in a numerical halving of the incidence of symptomatic brain metastases with tolerated toxicities, but this was not statistically significant.

[Safa Balata, Abbas Sarhan, Maher Aidaros, Alaa Fayed. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in HER-2 Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):17-21]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 3. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.03.

Keywords: Metastatic breast cancer, Neuro-cognitive function, Prophylactic cranial irradiation

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Treatment Results and Prognostic Factors for Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx and Hypopharynx Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy after Induction Chemotherapy

Hanan G. Mostafa¹, Mohamed A. Mekkawy¹, Samia A. Ali¹, Alaa K. Abd El Haleem², and Aiat M. Mohamed¹

¹Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt

² Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt

mostafahanan36@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: This phase II prospective study was performed to assess the treatment outcomes and safety of induction chemotherapy (IC) by docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in our department. Methods: Patients diagnosed with locally advanced SCC of the larynx and hypopharynx who were attended from February 2010 to April 2014 underwent 3 cycles of IC at a dose of 75mg/m² docetaxel D1, 100mg/m²cisplatin D1, 1000mg/m² 5-FU D 1-4 every 3 weeks for 3 cycles followed by concurrent radiotherapy and weekly cisplatin 30mg/m². Results: Thirty patients were evaluated in the study. The median duration of follow-up was 18 months. The median age at diagnosis was 51 years and stage IV was 73%. After sequential therapy, a complete response and partial response was seen in 9 (30%) and 12 (40%) patients respectively. The overall response rate was 70%. Median survival and median progression-free survival (PFS) were 17& 8months respectively. Grade 3-4 neutropeniaand anemia occurred in 40% and 10% respectively. Prognostic factors for PFS were T3 & N0-1 stage and laryngeal site. Conclusion: TPF induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherpy showed a high response rate and Progression-free survival in Egyptian patients with locally advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer. A significant longer PFS was achieved in patients with stage III laryngeal cancer.

[Hanan G. Mostafa, Mohamed A. Mekkawy, Samia A. Ali, Alaa K. Abd El Haleem and Aiat M. Mohamed. Treatment Results and Prognostic Factors for Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx and Hypopharynx Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy after Induction Chemotherapy. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):22-29]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 4. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.04.

Keywords: Head and neck cancer, Induction chemotherapy, Prognostic factors

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Immunohistochemical Detection of P53 in Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis

Afaf T Elnashar¹, Ahmed RH Ahmed¹, Maisa H Mohammed¹, Ghada M Kamal²

Departments of ¹Pathology and ²Tropical Medicine, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag, Egypt.

elnasharafaf@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim of the work: This study was designed to detect mutation in P53 in cases of non-neoplastic Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) gastritis. Method: 55 cases of chronic H. Pylori gastritis were selected and we used immunohistochemical technique to detect P53 expression and compared it with the five parameters in Sydney system (gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, chronicity, and activity and H. Pylori infection). Results: Active chronic gastritis was found in 21.8% of cases, gastric atrophy was detected in 41.8%, and intestinal metaplasia in 74.5% of cases. There was a statistically significant correlation between P53 expression and neutrophilic infiltration (p≤0.005). There was a strong correlation between P53 expression and H. Pylori infection in all the studied cases (p> 0.02). Conclusion: Neutrophil infiltration and chronic gastritis are considered a step in the processes of carcinogenesis through P53 mutation in H. Pylori chronic gastritis.

[Afaf T Elnashar, Ahmed RH Ahmed, Maisa H Mohammed and Ghada M Kamal. immunohistochemical Detection of P53 in Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):30-37]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 5. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.05.

Key words: H. Pylori, chronic gastritis, P53, neutrophil.

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Circulating tumor cells as an early predictive marker of disease progression in metastatic breast cancer patients

Samy M. Algizawy¹, Hoda H. Essa¹, Ebtesam El-Gezawy², Nagham N Omar³andDouaa M Sayed⁴

¹Department of Clinical Oncology, ²Department of Clinical Pathology and ³Department of Radiology Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt, ⁴Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Egypt

hodahassanessa@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are prognostic markers in metastatic breast cancer, but their predictive value to monitor treatment efficacy still needs further investigation. The aim of this study was to test whether persistent elevation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) at both baseline and before 2^nd cycle of a new treatment can serve as an early predictive marker of disease progression in patients with metastatic breast cancer using the predefined 5 CTC/7.5 ml threshold. Methods: From March 2010 to October 2013, 85 patients with stage IV breast cancer who met the eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study. Before starting a new treatment, all patients underwent full imaging studies, and blood sampling for CTC enumeration. Patients with < 5 CTC/7.5 ml blood detected at baseline had no further CTC count. Patients with ≥ 5 CTCs /7.5 ml blood had another blood sampling for estimation of CTC before the 2^nd cycle (C2). Objective tumor response was assessed using contrast enhanced 16 multitdetector CTd according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Results: At baseline, 44 (51.8%) of the 85 eligible patients did not have increased CTC levels. Of the other 41 patients with ≥ 5 CTCs /7.5 ml blood, only 38 patients had CTCs evaluation at first follow-up before 2^nd cycle (CTC_FU) that showed 25 (65.8 %) patients had < 5 CTC/7.5 ml blood and 13 (34.2%) patients had ≥ 5 CTCs /7.5 ml blood. Seventy-five patients (75/85, 88.2 %) underwent radiological restaging. According to RECIST, 36 (48%) patients were scored as having a partial response, 19 (25.3%) as having stable disease, and 20 (26.7%) as having progressive disease. Radiologic response was concordant with follow-up CTC levels in 76.5% of cases. Survival of our patients depended significantly on both the results of CTC evaluation and radiological response. The median follow-up was 18.0 [1–60] months. Both median PFS and median OS were significantly shorter in patients with ≥5 CTCs than in patients with <5 CTCs at baseline (7.5 vs. 16.8 for PFS, P = 0.004 and 13 vs. 23 for OS, P = 0.005). The median OS times of 75 patients who underwent radiological restaging were 24 months for patients who had non-progression (PR + SD) vs. 13 months for patients with PD (P < 0.001). Both median PFS and median OS were significantly shorter in patients with ≥5 CTCs than in patients with <5 CTCs at follow up (2.8 vs. 14.2 for PFS, P<0.001 and 6.2 vs. 23.8 for OS, P<0.001). Conclusions: This study supports the significance of elevated CTCs before 2^nd cycle in MBC patients starting a new line of chemotherapy as an early predictive marker of disease progression, thus, monitoring treatment benefit. Until proven, computed tomography CT scan is the standard of care for evaluation of disease status of such patients. This study confirmed the independent prognostic significance of CTCs in such patients.

[Samy M. Algizawy, Hoda H. Essa, Ebtesam El-Gezawy, Nagham N Omar and Douaa M Sayed. Circulating tumor cells as an early predictive marker of disease progression in metastatic breast cancer patients. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):38-50]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 6. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.06.

Keywords:Circulating tumor cells, predictive marker, metastatic breast cancer

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Low dose metronomic weekly Docetaxel in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Emad Sadaka and Walid Almorsy

Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt.

e_sadaka@hotmail.com, walidaa1@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Low dose metronomic chemotherapy (LDM) involves administering cytotoxic drugs on a daily or weekly basis at low doses without a long interval which can modulate the cancer microenvironment and disrupt tumor-associated vascular angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of low dose weekly metronomic docetaxel in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and methods: Twenty three (23) patients were treated at Tanta University Hospital, Clinical Oncology Department. Patients received weekly 15 mg/m² of docetaxel intravenously. Results: The median age was 59 years. The median number of cycles administered was 15 (range: 5–37). No patients achieved CR; 2 patients showed PR (8.7%); 10 patients had SD (43.5%) with clinical benefit (52.2%) and 11 (47.8%) patients showed progressive disease. The median OS time was 10.5 months. The one year survival rate was 43.5%. The median progression-free survival time (PFS) was 4.5 months ranged from 1.5-14 months (95% CI: 2.7–6.3) and the one year PFS rate was 13%. Low dose metronomic docetaxel was well tolerated where no patients experienced grade 4 toxicities and only 2 (8.7%) patients had grade 3 anemia. No patients had high grade (3-4) non-haematological toxicities. Conclusion: This study suggested that metronomic low dose weekly Docetaxel was well tolerated and active in patients with previously treated NSCLC. Thus, further investigation of this LDM regimen with larger number of patients is warranted.

[Emad Sadaka and Walid Almorsy. Low dose metronomic weekly Docetaxel in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):51-55]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 7. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.07.

Key words: NSCLC, Low dose metronomic chemotherapy, Taxotere

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Efficacy of Adjuvant Zolodronic Acid in Post Menopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Aromatas Inhibitor on Improving Bone Health

Doaa Abdelrahman, Wael Elsawy, Yossra Taha Dorgham, Reham Amin Elsayed

¹Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

coyhut@gmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: The introduction of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) during the last decade has opened new horizons in the successful treatment of hormone receptor-positive (HR) breast cancer. Bone mineral density (BMD) rapidly decreases with a consequent high risk of skeletal fragility due to aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss (AIBL). For the prevention of this adverse event, antiresoptive agents such as bisphosphonates (BPs) are used in combination with AIs. This prospective study compared the bone protecting effect of adjuvant vs. no zolodronic acid (ZOL) in patients with early breast cancer (EBC) receiving adjuvant AIs at 12 and 24 months. Patients and Methods: One hundred postmenopausal patients with HR+ EBC in whom AIs treatment was initiated letrozole (2.5mg once daily) were randomized to no ZOL or adjuvant ZOL (4mg every 6 months) between June 2013 and June 2015. The patients were stratified by established or recent postmenopausal status, baseline T-scorees, and adjuvant chemotherapy. Our endpoint is to evaluate changes in bone health by estimation of BMD (lumber spin LS and total hip TH), for each treatment group at 12, and 24 month. Results: At 12 months, the LS BMD in adjuvant ZOL group was (+4.8%) which increased at 24 months to (+5.2 vs, (-1.9%) and (-1.5%) in no ZOL group. Adverse events were generally mild, transient, and consistent with the known safety profiles. Conclusion: Adjuvant ZOL administration effectively improves BMD in postmenopausal women with HR+EBC receiving adjuvant AIs.

[Doaa Abdelrahman, Wael Elsawy, Yossra Taha Dorgham, Reham Amin Elsayed. Efficacy of Adjuvant Zolodronic Acid in Post Menopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Aromatas Inhibitor on Improving Bone Health. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):56-62]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 8. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.08.

Keywords: Aromatase inhibitor, Bone mineral density, Early breast cancer, postmenopausal, Zolodronic acid.

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Lithocholic acid induces extrinsic apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines

Ahmed Gafar, Mohammed Bashandy, Sayed Bakry, Mahmoud A. Khalifa, and Walid Abu Shair

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

Ahmed.gaffr@gmail.com

Abstract: Lithocholic acid (LCA) is toxic to human prostate cancer cells. We previously studied the effects of LCA on cell viability, cell proliferation and mitochondrial function in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the induction of extrinsic apoptosis by LCA in androgen independent PC-3 and DU-145 cells. In PC-3 and DU-145 cells, LCA triggered extrinsic apoptosis pathways and induced typical extrinsic apoptosis -related proteins, such TRIAL, FasL, FADD, DR5, DR4 and Cleaved caspase8. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with IETD AFC (10 µM), an inhibitor of Caspase 8 partially inhibited apoptosis that induced by LCA. Also, we found Death receptor (DR5) silencing partially Blocked LCA to induced cell death. Collectively, these results indicate that extrinsic apoptosis induced by LCA in PC-3 and DU-145 play a secondary role in cell death and there might be another cell surface receptor that LCA triggers to induce cell death.

[Ahmed Gafar, Mohammed Bashandy, Sayed Bakry, Mahmoud A. Khalifa, and Walid Abu Shair. Lithocholic acid induces extrinsic apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):63-68]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 9. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.09.

Keywords: Lithcholic acid, prostate cancer, DR5, cell death, apoptosis and caspase8

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Dft-Qsar Model And Docking Studies Of Antiliver Cancer (Hepg-2) Activities Of 1, 4-Diydropyridine Based Derivatives

Oyebamiji Abel Kolawole and Semire Banjo

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

E-mail: bsemire@lautech.edu.ng

Abstract: In this paper, combination of Density Functional theory (DFT), Quantitative Structure Activity Relation (QSAR) and molecular docking methods were used to investigate the inhibitory activity of six selected 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives against liver cancer (HEPG-2). The calculated molecular descriptors from quantum chemical method (DFT) were used to develop QSAR model that related the descriptors to the bioactivity (IC₅₀). Among the molecular descriptors computed, only log P, solvation energy and average electronic charges on all heteroatoms showed fair relationship with the observed cytotoxicity (anticancer activity) of the compounds. Moreover, QSAR model indicated that combination of dipole moment, average of electronic charges on heteroatoms, solvation energy and chemical hardness were important parameters for the observed biological activity. The predicted cytotoxicity (IC₅₀) from QSAR model agreed with the experimental IC₅₀. The binding energy for the non-bonding interactions between the ligand and receptor (PD: 4PYP) as well as important residues for the stabilization of ligand in the active site of the receptor was reported.

[Oyebamiji Abel Kolawole and Semire Banjo. DFT-QSAR Model and Docking Studies of Antiliver Cancer (Hepg-2) Activities of 1, 4-Diydropyridine Based Derivatives. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):69-78]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 10. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.10.

Keywords: 1, 4-Dihydropyridine derivatives, DFT, QSAR, Docking

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Enzalutamide Effectiveness and Tolerability in Patients with Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Our Experience

L.M. El-Helw^{1, 2}

¹ Medical Oncology department, Mansoura University, Egypt

² The Cancer Centre, the Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK

loaieelhelw@hotmail.com; loaieelhelw@gmail.com

Abstract: In recent years, several second-generation androgen receptors signalling inhibitors have been successfully tested in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this work, we aimed to retrospectively study the efficacy and tolerability of the novel antiandrogen enzalutamide in a cohort of CRPC patients who were treated in our centre between June 2014 and December 2015. Thirty six patients were included; 28 (77.8%) had metastatic prostate cancer at initial presentation and 8 (22.2%) had non-metastatic disease but relapsed later on during follow up. Prior to enzalutamide, most patients (52.8%) had 3 lines of hormonal treatment. Eleven patients (30.6%) received docetaxel chemotherapy. Overall, 27 patients (75%) responded to enzalutamide. The median progression free survival (PFS) duration was 5 months and 1 year PFS probability was 37.5%. The median overall survival (OS) duration since starting enzalutamide was 14 months and 1 year OS is 52%. Enzalutamide was well-tolerated by most patients and offered control of CRPC for a reasonable period of time.

[L.M. El-Helw. Enzalutamide Effectiveness and Tolerability in Patients with Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Our Experience. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):79-85]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 11. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.11.

Key words: Enzalutamide; castration resistant; prostate cancer

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Individual factors affecting empowerment from the perspective of nursing staff in hospitals of Medical Sciences of Yazd Shahid Sadoghei in 2014-2015

Hajeye Fatemeh Mollahoseini Bajeghani¹, Seyed Ali Naji² (corresponding author)

¹Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

²Faculty of Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract: Introduction: Capability as a motivational and hopefulness structure is consist of strengthening the staff, nowadays known as a major element in the efficiency of organizations. Health –care organizations can access to capability of the staff; specially nurses with providing those resources, supports, opportunities and necessary information. Nurses’ capability in the organization is effective for higher productivity. Materials & Methods: The present research is descriptive. The sample consists of 185 nursing staff of three training hospitals of Yazd. The tool of gathering data is a two-part questionnaire including demographic data and 39 researcher-made questions about personal and organizational factors which effect on personal capability from nurses point of view. And Likort scale was used to answer. Data were analyzed in descriptive comprehensive level by using “SPSS” software “22” version. Results: The results show that nurses’ attitude toward job professionally is positive but their attitude about their real position at the organizational level is not. Meanwhile their attitude in terms of individual factors of under controlling environment barriers is negative but their attitude toward work importance that engage employee is positive. Discussion & Conclusion: From nurses’ point of view, their actual position and also the security and health of employee is not considered and nurses and their managers must step forward to identify the actual position and health. The purpose: This research was carried out in 2016 with the aim of investigation of the factors affecting the capability of nurses from their views in the training hospitals of Shahid Sadoughi Medical Science University of Yazd.

[Hajeye Fatemeh Mollahoseini Bajeghani, Seyed Ali Naji. Individual factors affecting empowerment from the perspective of nursing staff in hospitals of Medical Sciences of Yazd Shahid Sadoghei in 2014-2015. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):86-93]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 12. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.12.

Key word: Health –care, Shahid Sadoughi University, specially nurses, investigation of the factors.

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Cancer Gene List – II (C)

Ma Hongbao *, Margaret Young **, Zhu Yucui ***, Yang Yan *, Zhu Huaijie ****

* Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11212, USA, ma8080@gmail.com; ** Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; *** Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West, 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA; **** The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 2 Jingba Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, yz81@columbia.edu

Abstract: There are thousands of genes that are related to the cancer development. This article gives the genes that are supposed as cancer genes. This is cancer gene list part 2 (C).

[Ma H, Young M, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Zhu H. Cancer Gene List - II. Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):94-112]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online). http://www.cancerbio.net. 13. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.13.

Key words: cancer; gene; DNA; life; medicine

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The Assessment of the Cytotoxic Activity of propolis and dacarbazine against HCT116 cells with the SRB Assay.

Lina Abdul-Fattah Kurdi

Department of Biology " Zoology", Faculty of Sciences - Al Faisaliah- King Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box. 4938, Jeddah 21412, KSA. dr.lina_kurdi@hotmail.com

Abstract: A study was conducted on the in vitro cytotoxic impact of Propolis, a natural bee product, and Dacarbazine, a standard chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of malignant tumors, on colon cancer cell lines (HCT116(  at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 µg /ml after an incubation period of 48/72 hours. Results demonstrated that both treatment with Propolis per se and combined treatment with Dacarbazine exerted a high and almost equally inhibitory impact on colon cancer cell lines as treatment with Dacarbazine per se with a significant difference at P≤0.001 at all concentrations. The highest percentile inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines after 48 hours of exposure was exhibited at 200 µg/ml concentration, while the highest percentile inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines after 72 hours of exposure was exhibited at 100 µg/ml concentration. Results of this study shed a much needed light on the effective role played by Propolis in the treatment of cancer, through its inhibitory impact on cancer cells.

[Lina Abdul-Fattah Kurdi. The Assessment of the Cytotoxic Activity of propolis and dacarbazine against HCT116 cells with the SRB Assay.] Cancer Biology 2016;6(2):113-129]. ISSN: 2150-1041 (print); ISSN: 2150-105X (online).http://www.cancerbio.net. 14. doi:10.7537/marscbj060216.14.

Key Words: Propolis, Dacarbazine, Colon cancer cell lines, Apoptosis

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